Abstract:

Neanderthal teeth represent one of the most valuable sources of information for reconstructing the biology, behaviour, and evolution of Homo neanderthalensis. Due to the exceptional preservation of dental tissues, teeth provide insights into growth and development, dietary habits, physiological stress, health status, and patterns of daily activity. The present review summarizes current evidence regarding the morphology, development, wear patterns, and paleobiological significance of Neanderthal dentition. Studies of dental development suggest that Neanderthals may have exhibited slightly accelerated growth and maturation compared with modern humans, although some findings indicate only minor differences. Morphologically, Neanderthal teeth are characterized by large anterior crowns, robust roots, and complex enamel–dentine junctions, reflecting both genetic inheritance and adaptation to heavy mechanical loading. Pronounced dental wear and characteristic scratches on anterior teeth indicate frequent use of the mouth as a “third hand” during tool manufacture and material processing. Isotopic analyses, dental microwear, and dental calculus studies demonstrate that Neanderthal diets were more diverse than previously assumed, combining large-animal hunting with substantial consumption of plant foods. Pathological findings, including enamel hypoplasias, periodontal disease, abscesses, and evidence of possible primitive dental interventions, provide additional information about health and survival under harsh environmental conditions. Modern methods such as micro-computed tomography, virtual histology, and isotope analysis have considerably expanded our understanding of Neanderthal life history and adaptation. Neanderthal teeth constitute a key source for investigating human evolution and the biological relationship between Neanderthals and modern humans.
Keywords: Neanderthals; dental anthropology; dental wear; human evolution; diet; isotope analysis;